The exam questions of pathology are available in SIS.
A. General pathology
History of pathology:
Pathology as a specialty – history and current options of diagnostic pathology.
Adaptation and cell death:
Death – definition and signs of death; cadaverous changes.
Adaptation – hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia.
Apoptosis and other types of programmed cell death.
Necrosis.
Gangrene.
Atrophy.
Disorders of the vascular flow
Causes and manifestation of the heart failure.
Thrombosis.
Embolism.
Hyperemia and bleeding.
Infarct.
Shock.
Metabolic disorders:
Disorders of extracellular fluid metabolism.
Coagulation disorders delivered from platelets.
Coagulation disorders – coagulopathies and vasculopathy; DIC.
Lysosomal storage diseases – general concept.
Intracellular accumulation of lipids.
Intracellular accumulation of glycogen.
Intracellular accumulation of proteins.
Clinical pathology of mitochondrial diseases.
Pathology of interstitial matrix.
Amyloidosis.
Pathology of calcification.
Concrements and crystals.
Pathology of pigments – melanin and lipopigments.
Hematogenous pigments.
Icterus.
Exogenous pigments.
Inflammation:
Inflammation: definition, causes, manifestation.
Serous inflammation.
Non-purulent (lymphocytic) inflammation.
Purulent inflammation.
Fibrinous inflammation.
Granulomatous inflammation.
Tuberculosis.
Syphilis.
Sarcoidosis, leprosy.
Non-caseating granulomas with a suppurative component.
Healing:
Regeneration and reparation.
Healing of wounds.
Healing of foreign bodies, necrosis, hematoma and thrombus.
Healing of a bone fracture.
Immunopathology:
Hypersensitive tissue damage.
Autoimmune diseases.
Immunodeficiency.
Pathology of transplantation.
Genetic, inherited and environmental causes of diseases:
Nutritive causes of diseases.
Genetic causes of diseases.
Malformations.
Environmental causes of diseases – physical and chemical.
General oncology:
Neoplasms - definition, benign versus malignant.
Tumor growth and spread.
Etiology of neoplasms.
Molecular cancerogenesis – features of a malignant phenotype.
Clinical manifestation of neoplasms and their diagnostics.
Precancerous conditions – acquired predispositions to tumors.
Inherited predispositions to tumors.
Predictive pathology and personalized medicine.
Benign epithelial tumors.
Malignant epithelial tumors.
Neuroendocrine tumors.
Mesenchymal tumors with (myo)fibroblastic differentiation.
Mesenchymal tumors with adipocytic differentiation.
Mesenchymal tumors with leiomyocellular differentiation.
Mesenchymal tumors with rhabdomyocellular differentiation.
Mesenchymal tumors with vascular differentiation.
Germinal tumors.
Neuroectodermal tumors.
Cysts and other pseudotumors.
Pathology of infectious diseases:
Bacteremia, sepsis, pyemia.
Staphylococcal infections.
Streptococcal infections.
Infections caused by neisseria.
Infections caused by pneumococci and hemophilus.
Diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis).
Infections caused by E. coli.
Infections caused by salmonella.
Lyme disease and leptospirosis.
Listeriosis, brucellosis, tularemia.
Infections caused by chlamydia and mycoplasma.
Infections caused by clostridium.
Infections caused by herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and HHV8.
Viral exanthemas and mumps.
Flu, covid-19 and other viral diseases of the respiratory tract.
Infections caused by transforming viruses, mainly EBV a HPV.
HIV infection.
Mucosal and visceral mycoses.
Opportune protozoal infections.
Pathology of nosocomial infections.
B. Special pathology
Cardiovascular pathology:
Atherosclerosis – pathogenesis and morphology.
Atherosclerosis – organ manifestation.
Aneurysms of the arteries and heart; dissection of aorta.
Vasculitis.
Diseases of the veins.
Common malformations of the heart and large vessels.
Infective endocarditis.
Non-infective endocarditis.
Ischemic heart disease.
Valve diseases of the heart.
Cardiomyopathy.
Myocarditis.
Pathology of the pericardium; tumors of the heart.
Hematopathology:
Anemia – manifestation and general classification; post-hemorrhagic anemia.
Anemia caused by metabolic disorders.
Hemolytic anemia.
Chronic myeloproliferative diseases.
Myelodysplastic syndromes.
Acute leukemia.
Chronic leukemia.
Histiocytoses, especially Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Plasma cell myeloma and its variants.
Bone marrow failure, aplastic anemia.
Lymphadenitis and reactive lymphadenopathies.
B-cell Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
T-cell Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Pathology of the spleen.
Pathology of the respiratory tract and middle ear:
Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and larynx.
Inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.
Inflammatory diseases of the tonsils.
Tumors of the upper respiratory tract.
Tumors of the larynx and trachea.
Malformations of the face and respiratory tract.
Atelectasis and collapsed lung.
Vascular lung diseases.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Interstitial lung diseases.
Lung emphysema and chronic bronchitis; bronchiectasis.
Bronchial asthma.
Bacterial inflammation of the lungs.
Viral inflammation of the lungs.
Tuberculosis of the lungs.
Tumors of the lungs.
Non-tumorous diseases of the pleura.
Tumors of the pleura.
Tumors of the mediastinum.
Pathology of the GIT:
Cysts and tumors of the oral cavity, including teeth.
Tooth decay and its complications.
Inflammatory diseases and tumors of the salivary glands.
Malformations of alimentary canal; Hirschsprung’s disease.
Non-tumorous diseases of the esophagus.
Tumors of the esophagus.
Inflammatory diseases of the stomach.
Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.
Tumors of the stomach.
Malabsorption syndrome.
Infective inflammatory diseases of the intestines.
Non-infective inflammatory diseases of the intestines.
Appendicitis.
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis.
Intestinal polyps.
Tumors of the colon and anus.
Pathology of the peritoneum.
Acquired disorders of position of the intestines.
Ileus.
Hernias.
Pathology if the liver, pancreas and biliary tract:
Hepatitis.
Toxic and drug-induced liver diseases.
Metabolic disorder induced liver diseases.
Liver cirrhosis.
Tumors of the liver.
Cholelithiasis and inflammation of the biliary tree.
Tumors of the biliary tract.
Cystic fibrosis.
Pancreatitis.
Tumors of the pancreas.
Malformations of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas.
Nephropathology and uropathology:
Circulatory disorders of the kidneys and shock kidney.
Glomerulopathy – mechanisms and manifestations.
Acute glomerulonephritis.
Glomerulonephritis delivered nephrotic syndrome.
Diabetic nephropathy; SLE glomerulonephritis.
Tubulointerstitial nephritis.
Malformations of the kidneys and efferent urinary tract.
Tumors of the kidneys.
Urolithiasis; hydronephrosis.
Inflammatory diseases of the efferent urinary tract.
Tumors of the efferent urinary tract.
Hyperplasia and inflammatory diseases of the prostate.
Tumors of the prostate.
Non-tumorous diseases of the testicles.
Tumors of the testicles.
Gynecopathology and pathology of pregnancy:
Inflammatory diseases and tumors of the vagina and vulva.
Tumors and precancerous conditions of the uterine cervix.
Endometriosis and non-tumorous diseases of the endometrium.
Tumors of the uterine corpus.
Inflammatory diseases of the uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Tumors of the ovaries – “surface epithelial” tumors.
Tumors of the ovaries – germ cell tumors.
Tumors of the ovaries - sex-cord stromal tumors.
Ectopic pregnancy.
Pathology of pregnancy – disorders of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac and fetal development.
Pathology of pregnancy - preeclampsia and eclampsia, diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the mother.
Trophoblastic disease.
Non-tumorous diseases of the breast.
Tumors of the breast.
Pathology of the nervous system and neuromuscular pathology:
Increased intracranial pressure, cerebral edema.
Hydrocephalus.
Disorders of the neurogenesis.
Traumatic lesions of the brain and spinal cord.
Vascular diseases of the brain: atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular malformations and aneurysms.
Intracranial hemorrhage.
Global and focal cerebral ischemia.
Viral encephalitis.
Meningitis.
Prionoses.
Demyelinating diseases of the neural system.
Metabolic and toxic encephalopathies.
Cortical neurodegenerative disorder.
Neurodegenerative disorders of the basal ganglia.
Neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases and spinocerebelar degeneration.
Tumors of CNS in childhood.
Tumors of CNS in adulthood.
Neurocutaneous syndromes.
Diseases of the peripheral nerves.
Diseases of the skeletal muscle.
Pathology of the bones and joints:
Malformations of the bones and joints.
Osteoporosis; osteonecrosis.
Metabolic osteopathies.
Osteomyelitis.
Non-tumorous disorders of the bones – Paget’s diseases, bone cysts.
Benign tumors of the bones.
Malignant tumors of the bones.
Arthrosis (osteoartritis).
Arthritis - infective and metabolic ones.
Arthritis - immunity delivered.
Deformity of the spine, spondylosis and spondylarthrosis.
Pathology of the endocrine system:
Tumors of the pituitary gland, pituitary disorders.
Diseases of the adrenal glands.
Thyroiditis.
Goiter.
Tumors of the thyroid gland.
Pathology of the parathyroid glands.
Diabetes mellitus - types, pathogenesis and manifestation.
Diabetes mellitus - complications.
Pathology of the skin:
Inflammatory diseases of the skin - psoriasis and eczema.
Inflammatory diseases of the skin - blister dermatitis.
Inflammatory diseases of the skin – infective ones.
Inflammation of the dermis and hypodermis.
Epithelial tumors of the skin.
Mesenchymal tumors of the skin.
Pigmented nevi.
Melanoma.
Pediatric pathology:
Pathology of the fetus before its delivery.
Birth injuries and disorders of postnatal adaptation of a newborn.
Tumors in childhood – soft tissue and kidney tumors.
Tumors in childhood – neuroblastic tumors, tumors of the liver and eye.
C. Laboratory methods and procedures utilized by diagnostic pathology
Biopsy.
Fixation of the biological specimen.
Cyto(patho)logy.
Microscopic techniques.
Peroperative biopsy.
Histological techniques - staining methods.
Flow cytometry.
Immunohistochemistry.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization.
Analysis of nucleic acids - PCR.
Analysis of nucleic acids – sequencing, microarrays.
Liquid biopsy, residual disease.
Therapeutic-indication in pathology and predictive diagnostics.
Autopsy.
